Determination Of Nitrate Ion In Treated Wastewater Effluent Lab Report

Determination Of Nitrate Ion In Treated Wastewater Effluent - Lab Report Example The possible causes of errors may result from wrong or inaccurate readings made in the spectrophotometer. The spectrophotometer is in use to measure the intensity of red color produced when nitrate reacts with the acid, sulfanilic and N- naphthyl ethylenediamine. The lack of calibration of the equipment causes errors in results. The equipment may record a reading higher or below the one expected. Errors result from measurements done by using flasks and pipettes. When experimenters fail to monitor the readings properly, the final value of concentration will be affected.    For example, observers of volumetric readings should look at the lower meniscus to prevent these errors. Such errors will affect dilution and dissolving of solids in solutions (Woody 12).   The possible causes of errors may result from wrong or inaccurate readings made in the spectrophotometer. The spectrophotometer is in use to measure the intensity of red color produced when nitrate reacts with the acid, sulfa nilic and N- naphthyl ethylenediamine. The lack of calibration of the equipment causes errors in results. The equipment may record a reading higher or below the one expected. Errors result from measurements done by using flasks and pipettes. When experimenters fail to monitor the readings properly, the final value of concentration will be affected.  For example, observers of volumetric readings should look at the lower meniscus to prevent these errors.  Such errors will affect dilution and dissolving of solids in solutions.

Critical Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Critical Analysis Paper - Essay Example However, while some countries have achieved great milestones in ensuring effective practice of human rights, others are still lagging behind, with serious crimes being reported against innocent people. The United Nations has on several occasions risen to the occasion to enhance the practice of human rights in these countries in order to ensure that all people, irrespective of their social standing in the society are treated fairly in a deserving manner. Human rights refer to norms and moral principles, which describe effective standards, expected from human behavior and are often protected as essential legal rights in the national as well as international law. Human rights are essentially referred to as fundamental rights that are inalienable, where an individual is said to be inherently entitled to since they are human beings. These rights are supposed to be accorded to all people irrespective of their language, location, nation, ethnic origin or any other kind of status. These rights are expected to be applied at all times everywhere because they are universal and egalitarian because they are meant for all people. This paper examines the concept of human rights as practiced in the developing countries, focusing on the efforts being made to ensure its effective practice. It is important to realize that the human rights doctrine has become very influential as far as international law is concerned. The actions of non-governmental organisations and states form the foundation of public policies across the world. The concepts of human rights explain that when the public discussion of peacetime global community can be regarded as having a universal moral language, which is human rights. The strong assertions of the particular doctrine relating to human rights has continued to provoke substantial skepticism and wide debates over its content, justifications and nature of human rights to the present day. The specific meaning of right remains controversial,

Building Design Process

Building Design Process Any building, whether it is a high-rise skyscraper or minute cabin must have a design plan before it is constructed, without a design plan the builders constructing the building would be limited in knowing what it is they are going to build unless for example it was government funded for an institution like the NHS, this would suggest it is to do with healthcare such as a hospital or care home. Buildings can have very complex designs so a structured procedure for the design team to work from is essential to success, for a successful and high performance building it must be aesthetically pleasing, operational, productive, sustainable, easily accessible, cost-effective, secure and safe to be in. The main factors that influence the design process are; finance, the clients needs the design, timing and estimated delivery of the project. The Architect that is designing the new factory unit must take into the account the financial limits that the client has and design the factory unit accordingly making sure it can be achieved realistically on the budget provided. The architect tasked with designing the factory unit is able to evaluate whether the build is realistic on the funds available by comparing the design to previous builds they have designed in the past or by calculating building costs per m^2 and volume per unit. It is important that the Architect ensures the build is feasible so the budget of the client is not exceeded although 10-15% of projects costs are paid in fees the Architect must still make the project cost effective for the client. In the design process one of the most important factors is the site that the project intends to be built on and the surrounding environment (for environmental concerns) as there could be hidden threats to whether the project can go ahead or not concerning the foundations of the ground or the location itself. Obtaining planning approval from the local council is the first stage after acquiring the land to build on so the project can progress. Having a Site Investigation report undertaken of the land proposed to build on will give an analysis of the subsoil composition, bearing values (maximum pressure on foundation soil that provides adequate safety against rupture of soil mass), risk of contamination and the presence of water that could cause damage under the building such as underground stream and rivers. Understanding the topography of the land to determine whether it is sloping, the actual size, shape and understanding the undulation are important to know before building because t hey could pose serious threats and changes to the original design. Desk top studies can be obtained to show the land history on ordnance survey plans dating back to the 1800s and the NCB (National Coal Board) can be contacted for mining records of the land. The Architect could also look on the Flood Risk Environment Agencys website and use the postcode of the land to see whether the area is prone to flooding, previous Ordnance Survey plans and drawings are other methods the Architect could use to understand the area better. There would be no point in building the new factory unless the Clients needs were not going to be met so it is essential for the Architect and the design team to deliver for the client exactly what they are paying them for. As the building is a factory unit it will most likely be being built for industrial use therefore requirements such as parking spaces must be made relative to the required amount. The Client may also want their new factory unit to be sustainable and want to reduce the amount of pollution created in the building process so that should try to be kept to a minimum by the workers. Special requirements may be needed by the client such as functions rooms for meeting, welfare facilities and a canteen for employees working at the new factory unit. The Design of the new factory unit must be structurally stable and have fire integrity with materials appropriately selected meaning it is equipped with fire fighting and preventing equipment such as fire extinguishers and fire doors which can hold back a fire for up to half an hour. As part of attaining planning permission for the build the council must deem that it blends in with the surrounding structures which is usual dependent on whether the building is of a similar size, scale and height to others nearby whilst complementing the streetscape. Environmental impact can be estimated after taking an E.I.A. (Environmental Investigation Agency) assessment which determines the impact on the local and natural environment of building work taking place, biodiversity issues such as flora and fauna (animals in a specific region or area) can also be addressed after the assessment. It is likely that the Client will want the new factory unit completed as soon as possible however this creates pressure on the design phase so an agreement must be came to as to when the project can realistically be completed after all initial issues in the design process have been addressed so the building is near perfect. A lack of planning in the design phase as a result of haste from the client means an unrealistic timescale is created and the building fails to deliver along with the failure for the work load to be scheduled effectively. It can take up to three months for the design and approval to be made along with another month for tenders to be submitted (contractors estimates of costs), depending on the scale and complexity of the design it can take anything from 6-24 months for the build to be completed. P2) Explain the roles and responsibilities of the design team In a typical design team the Architect is the main leader and is pivotal to the success of the project, the other members of the design team include the Client, Interior Designer, Landscape architect, Building services engineer, Clerk of works, Structural Engineer, Resident engineer, Quantity surveyor and the main contractor paid to carry out the work. In a design team, communication is paramount to having a successful project which is why all members should be transparent with the exchange of information pulling in the right direction at the same time to ensure the project work is carried out as intended to minimise mistakes. An Architects responsibility in the design team is primarily to satisfy and understand the Client whilst communicating effectively with the rest of the team so that the project will be completed in a suitable timescale and cost effective to the client. The Architect is paid to understand the clients brief and develop a plan on how to meet the needs of the client whilst maintaining the new development is sustainable for the good of the environment. It is important for the Architect to produce a design that can realistically be constructed which does not infringe anyones health and safety. An understanding of Health and Safety legislation such as the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 is essential so there is a prevention of accidents in the workplace. They are responsible for the management of the design process and select specialists in their specific areas; the architects must co-ordinate the input from the design team and ensure it works together. A Civil Engineers role in the design team is concerned with what is happening below the ground, the foundations and the final touches. How these factors can affect the new factory unit that is being built there is determined by the Civil Engineer who will have a good understanding of them. It is the Civil Engineers responsibility to undertake the Site Investigation report which then allows them to analyse the sub soil complexity in turn determining what foundations and substructures are needed for that particular area before building work begins. The groundwork structure is approved by the Civil Engineer so it is suitable for the new factory unit alongside including essentials for the employees that will use the building such as roads, footpaths, parking spaces, under passes, tunnels and bridges for ease of access to the unit. Drainage below the ground of the new unit is also accounted for by the Civil Engineer with traffic management taken care of after a highways and transportation s assessment of the surrounding area is undertaken. The CDM Co-ordinator is responsible for the design and construction safety issues associated with the factory unit, they have a deep understanding of the relevant Health and Safety legislation related to the project which helps them prepare and maintain a CDM file of all the Health and Safety incidents including accidents. An F10 form is produced which informs Health and Safety Executive that there is a new project going ahead, Health and Safety then have the right to turn up and visit a site, they can then advise as to what needs to be changed to increase safety, the Health and Safety inspectors also have the authority to hand out fines accordingly. Quantity surveyors are assigned their role by the Architect and are effectively accountants for the building work; it is their responsibility to estimate how much the materials needed for the building work to go ahead are going to cost the client. The Quantity surveyor can advise the Architect and the client on the cost of the job and re-evaluate the cost during the project in case it does not all go to plan. The Q.S. can help the client to keep within their budget perhaps by using cheaper materials opposed to the intended ones used in the initial design. A Bill of Quantities (BOQ) is prepared which is a document consisting of a list of materials needed for the construction work and their estimated quantities (costs). The Contractor tenders against the Bill of Quantities prepared by the tenderer giving their prices for what is listed, the offers are compared in order to see whether they are good or poor value and the eventual tenders are negotiated for the best solution. The Structural Engineer is tasked with making sure the building is structurally sound and safe for the inhabitants, safety is paramount to the Structural Engineer because if the structure of the new factory unit is not designed to withstand the forces that will be imposed on the factory it could prove disastrous for people working inside who are at a heightened risk of injury. It is essential for the Structural Engineer to make best use of the funds that are available to them in making the new factory unit cost effective; they must provide the correct materials that complement the design specification such as the right bricks, concrete and wood. Structural Engineers are employed by the contractor depending on the contract of the job and can work closely with the Civil Engineer to understand the feasibility of the building. (P3) The production team working on the proposed new factory unit will include the Main Contractor, Managing Director (MD) of the Main Contractor; the Managing Director is accountable for Head Office Admin, Contract Managers and the outside contractors and consultants. The Site manager is accountable to the contract managers but is accountable for the site personnel, sub contractors, trades foremen and the ganger. Site personnel such as the engineers are responsible for the planning and schedules of the project such as projecting when concrete pours will take place, they are usually housed in on site cabins with internet access for ease of communication with other members of the construction team. Alongside their planning duties, engineers are often turned to when a problem arises and are expected to resolve that problem as fast as possible in order to keep the project on-track for completion. Site administration making sure all necessary paperwork is completed and the security team are there to deter people trespassing or thieving from the site. Sub Contractors include plumbers, electricians, roofers, scaffolders, glazed glass fitters, cladders, road layers and sewage contractors. Trades foremen are in charge of bricklayers, joiners, plasterers and painters. Gangers are made up by the general labourers, concreters, drain layers and plant drivers (JCB diggers, excavators, dumpers and rollers). P4) Describe the legal implications that may arise from poor or miscommunications affecting the project In the Production Team it is very important that the members communicate so that legislation is obeyed and work is not completed incorrectly which provokes claims and slows progress in the build. As a result of miscommunication claims for misinformation or carrying out abortive work can be made if you can justify the extent and basis of reasons why, these could be for example, day to day errors that are uncovered which can now be rectified and clarified with instructions or variations orders. More serious breaches of negligence or failing to fulfil contracted obligations are a tort in law and will result in legal actions. Most professional people have indemnity against design risk and sometimes losses are recovered from insurers. Any client entering into a contract situation with builders must ensure insurance for loss is covered also; the builder has public liability insurances alongside insurance for their employees and for the works. M1) Explain how the RIBA plan of work provides an effective and structured framework for the design process in complex projects and how it is sometimes modified or not strictly followed The RIBA (Royal Institute of British Architects) plan of work 2013 provides a structured framework for the design process of new buildings; it provides both the stages for the design and construction phases of projects. Although Architects will have the necessary qualifications that indicate to clients and their employers that they are competent enough to head the design team and work on a project, the RIBA plan of work provides guidance for all the phases of the project including the design and construction. With a structured plan everyone involved in the project knows there role and can continue with it whilst the rest of the project continues to progress, the Architect will maintain full control of the plan but has a better understanding of who is doing what and what is being done at what time. The first section covers stages A + B which consist of the Appraisal and Design Brief. Clients needs + requirements are taken into account alongside the budget, purpose group of the building, numbers of people using the building, accommodating visitors, parking, site access, land suitability, site investigation reports, shape and whether there is a slope/undulation. Stage C is the Concept. Design proposals and concepts must be agreed before any construction work can go ahead and drawings are sketched on feasibility options. Stages D + E are the design development and technical design, final design proposals are developed and confirmed after consultation of previous proposals. The client has options now that they can see all of the detailed designs and are then able to decide on a final design which leads us on to the pre-construction phase of the RIBA plan of work. Stages F, G H being the production information, tender documentation and tender action; a design team is put together to produce documentation drawings and specifications ready for tender action. In stage F production information must be prepared and final decisions related to the design work can be made. Drawings, schedules and specifications are finalised after taking all of the new designs into account which are then sent to the Architects, engineers and Main Contractor who are directly involved. Stage G involves the Bill of Quantities and tender documents production under the NJCC (National Joint Consultative Committee) procedure for selective tendering outlined in stage H Stages I, J K revolve around mobilisation placing the contract for production of the building. Stage L is the final step of the RIBA plan of work and is simply the post construction phase of the project where it is completed and handed over to the Client for use. The RIBA plan of work is especially important for Architects when they are tasked with designing a building that will have a very complex structure; it is comprised into three sections containing the feasibility phase, the pre-construction phase and the construction phase. It is not only the Architect that must know the stages of the plan because when changes need to be made and accommodated, the other key players in the team need to be made aware of the developments of the design as it continues. If the key players are not communicating and do not fully understand the changes being made or how they will affect the structure it can be very detrimental to success. In the feasibility phase the Architect will work with the client in order to understand the requirements of the building and to recommend anything that can improve the building as a whole. It must incorporate buildability which is a term used to describe whether a building can be constructed easily or not and must be financially feasible. In the pre-construction phase the Architect can produce sketches of the layout, design and construction in order for the client to approve what the Architect has designed. Drawings to be submitted to the local authority building control will also be drawn and when the outline is approved final decisions can be made relating to the design, specification and construction. If changes need to be made they can still be accommodated at this early stage but will incur additional costs, these changes must be noted so that everyone can be informed of them therefore they are pulling in the right direction. The plan may not always be strictly followed when the re is a deadline that needs to be met and completing a particular stage may be ignored when it is not seen to be necessary to save time.

Sumerian Culture :: essays research papers

While researching Sumerian culture I learned many interesting things that I was not aware of before. Many little known facts about Sumer will change the way that people feel about other ancient societies. Many advances that are not attributed to Sumeria, often were pioneered by this advanced culture long before others. Most people don't even know much about the origan of the Sumerian culture. The people who originally lived in Sumer in 4000 BC were not really Sumerians. Sumers original inhabitants were in fact Ubaidians. The Ubaidian culture was already quite advanced for that time, and had a large variety of unique farming techniques. Between 4000 and 3000 BC Sumer was infiltrated by many nomadic tribes. This constant movement of peoples caused a cross-fertilization of culture. Technology from many different regions were becoming centralized in Sumer. So were different theological viewpoints. During this millennium the people that we think of as Sumerians moved into Sumer. These people originated near the Caspian sea and did not even arrive in Sumer until 3300 BC. When these people ended up in Sumer it created the worlds first "high civilization". All who lived in Sumer were now recognized as Sumerian, because Sumerian was the common language. Sumer, like most early middle-eastern nations, was in the fertile crescent. These small waterways provided excellant irrigation, and transportation. Sumer was one of the first large civilizations that had a very developed textile industry. Wool sheared from goats and sheep was made into garments. The usage of linen was reserved for only high priests and other dignitaries. Flax and wool was used for everyone else. Farming was also a very predominant industry in this nation. All of the mixed culture taught the Sumerians about many different farming methods. Sickles and other tools aided in the farming. The harvested grain was preserved in granaries and pots. This allowed grain to be shipped without spoiling or molding. All of the waterways in Sumeria allowed products to be shipped up and down rivers to other destinations. One popular shipping method was called the "Turnip". The turnip was a buoy shaped boat that was attached to a long rope. The turnip would float along in the water, while the merchant rode on horseback on a near by road. Transportation methods increased in efficiency and new types of them arrived during the Sumerian rule, for instance, more types of boats were invented, and the Sumerians introduced the sail to the world of travel. The wheel was also first implemented in the Sumerian nation. When these advanced forms of transportation were not available, people still used donkeys with baskets strapped to their sides. Iron working was used to create tools that aided

Amandla Essay

These struggles are depicted through music. Upon further research, I discovered Amandla is a Nguni word meaning power. Amandla was produced by Sherry Simpson Dean and Lee Hirsch. The film is shown in chronological order, and also augmented with archival footage from historical events. Blacks in South Africa were denied many basic human rights while the world ignored. In 1948, the Afrikaner Nationalist arose, and during the 1950’s, apartheid policies were being implemented. Black South Africans were taken from their homes and forced to live in townships, where they had to carry passbooks, were meaninglessly tortured and killed, and also could be arrested for no reason at all. Although their freedom was inhibited, they expressed their pain through song. Currently, despite the lingering problems within South Africa, blacks and whites live amongst each other. The movie pays great homage to the songs of protest that halted Apartheid. Amandla begins with Prime Minister Verwoerd declaring racial segregation in 1948. It is said to be â€Å"a policy of good-neighborliness. † Vuyisile Mini, a composer who’s creation of protest songs eventually led to his hanging, is also being exhumed from his grave. Scenes from the Sharpeville Massacre, the Soweto uprising, and Nelson Mandela’s joyous election to the office of President in 1994 are all depicted in great detail. Mini is given a proper burial at the end of the film. The film explains how the songs touched people different from speeches or demonstrations. Different stages of the struggle for equality brought upon different songs. For example, Mini’s song â€Å"Beware Vorwoerd† and Vilakazi’s â€Å"Meadowlands. † These songs, and many others, showed how diligent the South African people were about their cause, and also was a symbol of the energy they had in completing their mission. Although music is a major aspect of the film, the interviews with those who had first-hand experience to the events. Many (like Abdullah Ibrahim, Hugh Masekela, and Miriam Makeba) were sent to prison or exiled. They spoke in great detail of how homesick they were and how hurtful it was not to be able to return to South Africa. White police officers and executioners are even interviewed. The climax of the film is Nelson Mandela’s release from prison with thousands of people happily singing and cheering his return from prison. He is eventually elected to president of South Africa. Although South Africa has much work ahead of it, it has progressed. People are battle against crime, corruption, poverty and AIDS. Amandla is a great affirmation to the past and gives inspiring hope towards the future of South Africa. It captured moments in history, while still explaining the present problems that exist, including the process of rapprochement. This film also does a good job of explaining that music has, and always will, play an important role in the complicated history of South Africa.

Explain How Practices That Support Equaity and Inclusion Reduce

Amanda Hopwood Cache Level 2 in Diploma in Children’s Care, Learning and Development Pin/Enrolment Number – 30169038 ULN – 6939676189 Assessor – Jennifer Hughes Assurer – Helen Tweddle SHC 21 Introduction to equality & inclusion in health, social care or children 7 young people settings 1. 1 –Explain what is meant by: Diversity – means is to understand that each child/young person is individual, unique and different i. e. , it could be the differences in race, heritage, customs, beliefs, physical appearance, mental capability.Diversity should be valued and respected as each person are completely different to any other person, even in the examples I have stated above. We need diversity as is gives us different views and opinions. We must value our diversity so we can work together to live a happy life. Equality – means to give all children/young person equal opportunities to achieve their best in the setting. Each child is differ ent so you have to respect that. Some children might need support. You can do this by planning ahead to achieve all aspects of learning and development for all children irrespective of disability, heritage etc.It's about getting the balance between each child. Inclusion – means to ensure all embodies such as children and their families have the right support regardless of their ability to take part in a range of activities in the setting. Inclusion is the process of making this happen. to do this in the setting you must take away all barriers and give each person a warm and welcoming attitude whilst in setting. Discrimination – means a child/young person is treated differently because of their membership such as race, colour, gender, religion, ancestry, origin, disabilities.It involves excluding or restricting child/young person in a membership from opportunities that are available to other children/young person. Children may experience discrimination because of their colour, culture/religion, impairments, gender, race, size because they are disabled or have special educational needs. Children who are discriminated may feel undervalued and may lose confidence. They may find others will have a low expectations of what they can achieve. Others might assume they cannot do an activity as they can't cope.

Captain John Smiths Great Plea for Settlers essays

Captain John Smith's Great Plea for Settlers essays Captain John Smith's 1616 treatise, "A Description of New England," calls all the youthful, adventurous, and even the timid souls of England to join Smith on the journey to the New World. There, argues, Captain Smith, awaits great fortune, gratification, and recognition for these brave entrepreneurs. In his plea for followers, he begins with the following question: "Who can desire more content, that hath shall means; or but only his merit to advance his fortune, than to tread, and plant that ground he hath purchased by the hazard of his life? If he have but the taste of virtue, and magnanimity, what to such a mind can be more pleasant, than planting and building a foundation for his posterity, got from the rude earth, by God's blessing and his own industry, without prejudice to any? (54)." Captain Smith uses his treatise to convey to prospective co-travelers how prosperous New England life will be for them. He believes that the new settlements will be an inspiration for God's people. He persuades by saying that though one may not be qualified for wealth and prosperity in England, the New World is plentiful and fruitful and holds promise even for those who, in England, have been looked upon as powerless and feeble. As his description of New England continues, Smith speaks about the ideal comrade he seeks for the new civilization. "What so truly suits with honor and honesty, as the discovering thing unknown? erecting townes, peopling countries, informing the ignorant, reforming things unjust, teaching virtue; and gain[ing] to our native mother country a kingdom to attend her; find[ing] employment for those that are idle, because they know not what to do: so far from wronging any, as to cause posterity to remember thee; and remembering thee, ever honor that remember with praise? (54)." Here Smith makes plain that he wishes for men and women of youth and faith to make the voyage and to settle 'New Engla...

The Significance of White House’s Office of Chief of Staff Essays

The Significance of White House’s Office of Chief of Staff Essays The Significance of White House’s Office of Chief of Staff Essay The Significance of White House’s Office of Chief of Staff Essay Out of the seven key White House organizations or offices, the Office of Chief of Staff is considered to be the most influential and necessary workforce which determines the success or failure of a president’s administration. Considering the organization’s nature and functions as well as the authority and impact of the positions within the office, its key players and most importantly the Chief of Staff manifest a power that even the President recognizes. The Office of Chief of Staff is undeniably vital to the effective operation and management of the White House, as the system and the President, as the institution. It is also the organization in the White House which the nation’s leader cannot survive without. This is because the complexity of the contemporary White House and its main occupant, who is the President, necessitate the reliable authority and management which, the Office of Chief of Staff specifically the Chief of Staff himself or herself, needs to exemplify. This can be attained through the organization’s mandate to be the main coordinating office and particularly with the ability of the Chief of Staff to assume the responsibility as someone, aside from the President, who runs the White House and the nation in general (Walcott, Warshaw Wayne, 2003). The said impact of the organization and in particular the Chief of Staff himself is best illustrated in the Bush administration. This is because former President Bush was very focused and efficient in his style of managing and using the assets and abilities of White House Staff such as the Office of Chief of Staff. And a specific example which proved such approach and condition is best depicted with the tenure of Andy Card as Bush’s first Chief of Staff. Realizing the challenges and difficulties of his position, Card apparently acquired Bush’s qualities by being decisive, determined and thick-skinned yet receptive himself in order to successfully perform his role as the second most powerful person in the White House next to the President. Reference Walcott, C.E., Warshaw, S.A. Wayne, S. (2003). The White House World: Transitions, Organization, and Office Operations. (Kumar, M.J. Sullivan, T.O., Eds.). College Station, Texas: Texas AM University Press.

Perl Array Splice() Function - Quick Tutorial

Perl Array Splice() Function - Quick Tutorial The Perl splice function takes the following form: Perls splice() function is used to cut out and return a chunk or portion of an array. The portion that is cut out starts at the OFFSET element of the array and continues for LENGTH elements. If the LENGTH is not specified, it will cut to the end of the array. Example of the Perl Splice Function Think of the myNames array as a row of numbered boxes, going from left to right, numbered starting with a zero. The splice() function would cut a chunk out of the myNames array starting with the element in the #1 position (in this case, Michael) and ending 3 elements later at Matthew. The value of someNames then becomes (Michael, Joshua, Matthew), and myNames is shortened to (Jacob, Ethan, Andrew). Using the Optional REPLACE_WITH As an option, you can replace the portion removed with another array by passing it in the REPLACE_WITH argument. In the above example, the splice() function would cut a chunk out of the myNames array starting with the element in the #1 position (in this case, Michael and ending 3 elements later at Matthew. It then replaces those names with the contents of the moreNames array. The value of someNames then becomes (Michael, Joshua, Matthew), and myNames is changed to (Jacob, Daniel, William, Joseph, Ethan, Andrew). You might want to check out some other Perl array functions such as reverse() to reverse the order of your array.

Management Functions Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management Functions - Case Study Example Case Study Management functions can be stated as a set of core and most essential elements for various organizations that not only enable them to achieve their desired business goals but also facilitate in building long-term sustainability in the competitive environment. The set of an effective management functions comprises four fundamental elements that include controlling, planning, organizing along with leading (Rutter, 2003). With reference to the major attributes of management functions, this paper intends to present a series of recommendations to Amanda Smith (Amanda) in response to the concerns identified from the case. Brief Overview of the Case Amanda Smith (Amanda) had started a new small sized accounting firm named â€Å"Smith's Accounting and Tax Service† after she got six years of experience through working in a renowned accounting firm. As the intention of Amanda is to conduct own business within the community, she opened her accounting firm by engaging one empl oyee named Lisa. At the starting face of the business, Amanda has developed a mission statement along with a strategy for her business. The mission statement of Smith’s Accounting and Tax Service was to ensure the deliverance of adequate accounting and tax services to the small business owners within community. However, the organization has faced certain challenges due to its inappropriate management and control process. Owing to this context, it has been recognized that lack of planning can be considered as one of the major factors that led the firm to face different concerns related to its accounting services. The ineffective management of operational processes such as maintaining records of the tax returns for such a small accounting firm can also be viewed to generate greater risks. The issue concerning employment layoff has also been witnessed in the case due to certain errors in the accounting work prepared by the employees of the firm. Recommendations to Amanda in Resp onse to the above identified Concerns In relation to the fundamental concept of management, there are basically four functions that ensure to provide adequate support to the organizations in efficiently obtaining their predetermined business targets. In this regard, an effective set of management functions comprise four major and most essential elements such as controlling, planning, organizing along with leading that supports the organizations to sustain in this competitive landscape (Morgeson, DeRue, & Karam, 2010). According to the case scenario, the inappropriate planning of conducting operational procedures along with incorrect setting of organizational goals have eventually contributed in creating problems for Amanda and her firm. In relation to the case of Amanda, inappropriate execution of the organizing functions including personnel management can be duly considered as the major aspect hindering to generate positive outcomes for her company by a certain degree. Moreover, it can be stated that the inadequate organizing process of the firm has further witnessed to prioritize the importance of recruitment, job design and descriptions along with delivering proper training to the staffs. It can also be apparently observed that lack of motivational skills has also negatively impact on the overall performance of Amanda and her firm at large. In this context, the leadership functions of Amanda could focus on making effective decisions which could enable the organization to develop its operational and managerial activities towards the accomplishment of organizational

My experience on censorship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My experience on censorship - Essay Example We did not care to ascertain the age limit of the movie. The security officers at the entrance were equally more concerned with the security details than verifying the details of the moviegoers. Nevertheless, they reserved the verification of personal details to the end of the first episode. At the end of the first episode, the security men sought to verify our personal details by asking for our identification cards. My friend produced his identification card and got a clearance. When my turn came, the security agent could not believe that a sixteen year old is watching a movie rated eighteen years and above. The security agent was actually very furious that I had breached the rules of the theatre by entering the theatre well knowing that I had not acquired the required age. My attempts to explain that I had not seen the age requirement landed on deaf ears. My friend watched in disbelief and the audience caught the scene with amazement as the security agent manhandled me. The security agent whisked me out of the theatre to the security cabin where he locked me up in readiness for resultant punishment. It was the greatest shock of my life as nobody dared come to my support. Later on, the management of the movie theatre sought to explain to me the various rules applicable in a movie theatre and the attached punishments and fines on defaulters. Playing audience to the movies relevant to one’s age was one of the rules that attracted heavy penalties upon defaulting. Security agents treat ignorance to this rule with equal wrath. The management expects the audience to brief themselves with the relevant terms and conditions pertaining to a given movie with no omissions and total strictness. This act of censorship caused me to think objectively of censorship. The stringent measures put in place to ensure compliance to the set rules proved effective for censorship. The need to seek

(a) How successful have the American Government and the U.S. Federal Essay

(a) How successful have the American Government and the U.S. Federal Reserve been in running the American economy over the last - Essay Example financial collapse took place during the very last days of the Bush administration and during a U.S. Presidential election. The Fed’s response can be viewed separately and as working in tandem with the political approach of both political administrations and Congress. The historical characteristics of the period preceding the crisis itself can be seen as related to the severity of the crisis, while the aftermath or recovery period can suggest projections about the future consequences of the policies referenced drawn from economic studies and historical parallels in order to illustrate the possible dangers to the macro-economic environment that remain for the global economy. In the period preceding the financial crisis of 2008-9, the major issue of importance is the real estate market, particularly the sub-prime mortgage market in America, and its lending standards which may have led to the creation of a real estate bubble in the country. By some analysts’ regard, the Cl inton administration encouraged Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to promote financing policies that made it very easy for even the lower income families to get mortgages for home purchases. This type of encouragement was related to a general deregulation of the financial industry that proceeded under both the Clinton and Bush administrations, which included repeal of Depression era statutes like the Glass-Steagall Act that regulated the trading and investment functions of banks. Ratings agencies oversaw the process through which the Wall St. investment banks packaged thousands of mortgages in both commercial and residential real estate contracts into massive, billion dollar bonds known as MBS (Mortgage Backed Securities) that could be sold by the investment banks to groups like pension funds or hedge funds who were interested in fixed-rate or adjustable-rate long term returns. The contagion of global markets is seen in the way that these MBS entered portfolios around the world of all mann er of different public and private sector investors, corporations, and banks. Risk management, as practiced not only by the investors who purchased these MBS but also by the ratings agencies, failed to recognize that these securities could fail in the manner that they did because they underestimated the deflationary aspects of real estate and overestimated the reliability of the lending standards at their basis. This is the â€Å"Black Swan† aspect of Nicholas Taleb’s analysis, who wrote: â€Å"Globalization creates interlocking fragility, while reducing volatility and giving the appearance of stability. In other words it creates devastating Black Swans. We have never lived before under the threat of a global collapse. Financial Institutions have been merging into a smaller number of very large banks. Almost all banks are interrelated. So the financial ecology is swelling into gigantic, incestuous, bureaucratic banks – when one fails, they all fall. The increas ed concentration among banks seems to have the effect of making financial crises less likely, but when they happen they are more global in scale and hit us very hard. We have moved from a diversified ecology of small banks, with varied lending policies, to a more homogeneous framework of firms that all resemble one another. True, we now have fewer failures, but when they occur †¦.I shiver at the thought.† (Taleb, 2010) If Wall St. planners, securities ratings agencies, and

Behaving ethically can lead to higher profits for a company Essay

Behaving ethically can lead to higher profits for a company - Essay Example Companies have different programs to expand their brand popularity. Joyner highlights an example of Toms, a renowned shoe company, as among the businesses that embrace ethics in their operations (1). According to Joyner, business that embrace social responsibility have started to favor the â€Å"buy one, give one† strategy. For every pair sold by Toms, it gives a pair. The company donates the pair to children in developing regions such as Malawi, Haiti, or Peru. By 2014, Toms had donated nearly ten million pairs of shoes and currently experiences massive sale volumes for its shoe brands. Remarkably, donations have served to expand Toms’ shoe brand dominance in the market because customers buy with the urge to help the needy. Besides having high quality shoe brands, Toms’ selling strategy has contributed to its market expansion. Particularly, it enjoys high sales among the youths. It sells brands that are highly appealing to teenagers. That justifies its strong br and and high sales. Among the vital responsibilities of every business that embraces ethical operations is to ensure employees receive decent salaries and work in safe conditions. Employees are critical to business’ success and should be subject to safe working conditions. An example of unethical business is the case of Rana plaza that collapsed in Bangladesh, resulting in the death of 1137 people. By 2014, April 24 nearly 250 people were mission since the incidence that occurred on April 24, 2013, a year on (Institute for Global Labor and Human Rights, 2014). The Rana Plaza factory collapse accident has been termed a fatal and deadliest disaster. The case represents poor working conditions in which employees are exposed to eminent danger. Furthermore, the employees lack proper insurance cover. That represents unethical business operations. According to the report by the Institute for Global Labor and Human Rights (1),

Is the Media Leading Non-smokers to Smoke in The United States Assignment

Is the Media Leading Non-smokers to Smoke in The United States - Assignment Example Scientific studies have proved beyond doubt that smoking causes a lot of health problems like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, high BP, lung diseases, Osteoarthritis etc. In women smoking during pregnancy can affect the growth of the fetus. Moreover, smoking can create a lot of social impacts as well as non-smokers never like the company of smokers. Media plays a vital role spreading smoking habit and hence I want to make the authorities aware of their futile efforts to prevent smoking by asking the ad people to include warning signals rather than completely prohibiting the tobacco products, through this research The influence of movie stars is so high among the public, especially among teenagers and youths. People have a tendency to mimic whatever the film stars or celebrities do. These film stars often display smoking in a particular style which encourages even non-smokers to have a try because of the influence of celebrity culture among the public. The non-smoker who adopted smoking just for mimicking the celebrity unknowingly becomes a smoker because of the addiction tobacco can contribute to the smokers. â€Å"Smoking in movies is often associated with the characteristics that adolescents find appealing, such as toughness, sexiness and rebelliousness† (Hood Center, 2006) â€Å"There is mounting evidence suggesting that adolescents whose favorite actors or actresses smoke on screen are more inclined to take up smoking themselves† (Anti-smoking ads at the cinema only work for young non-smokers, 2007) â€Å"This 1987 marketing document from the Philip Morris collection reveals an ad agency testing various themes about secondhand smoke on behalf of the Philip Morris Tobacco Company (PM). A major theme of the ads was that "the case isn't proved" that secondhand tobacco smoke harms nonsmokers, ironically the same theme that the tobacco industry used for years to reassure smokers about primary smoking and keep them smoking†.

Article 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Article 4 - Essay Example Apart from the stated reasons above, the pupils might also exhibit challenging behavior because of other reasons like disabilities (autism, for example), limited communication from the adult to the pupil, limited cognitive and emotional skills, giving too much directions (and the child could not follow), differently carried routines and expectations, or they may want to continue what they are doing and refuse to do the next objective. Now these challenging behavior occur because of the program staff structure, schedule and implementation of transitions – the transitions may be too long and the children spend a lot of time waiting for nothing do, or just because the instructions about the things to do aren’t clear. That is why programs should be designed with minimal transitions as much as possible. Schedules with children that engage in planned activities, spend little time waiting and making transitions decrease the likelihood of exhibiting challenging behavior. To minimize transitions in a class, teachers should plan well and modify certain parts of the schedule so that the children would not be idle and be engaged in interesting activities. The trick in keeping challenging behavior minimal is to let the children know the expectations in a transition; this may require modeling by role-playing or by pictures/visual cues. For example, in hand washing, the teacher may use a pupil as a model for other pupils and use a step by step diagram to guide the children in washing their hands. These transitions also help foster social skills and emotional development as there is constant communication between students and the teacher (interactivity). However, there are some children who still continue to have challenging behavior. This may call for individualized transition strategies. When teachers find out and evaluated these transitions, they can now revise strategies to help children deal with transitions easily. This will lead to fun, successful and

Is the Media Leading Non-smokers to Smoke in The United States Assignment

Is the Media Leading Non-smokers to Smoke in The United States - Assignment Example Scientific studies have proved beyond doubt that smoking causes a lot of health problems like cancer, cardiovascular diseases, high BP, lung diseases, Osteoarthritis etc. In women smoking during pregnancy can affect the growth of the fetus. Moreover, smoking can create a lot of social impacts as well as non-smokers never like the company of smokers. Media plays a vital role spreading smoking habit and hence I want to make the authorities aware of their futile efforts to prevent smoking by asking the ad people to include warning signals rather than completely prohibiting the tobacco products, through this research The influence of movie stars is so high among the public, especially among teenagers and youths. People have a tendency to mimic whatever the film stars or celebrities do. These film stars often display smoking in a particular style which encourages even non-smokers to have a try because of the influence of celebrity culture among the public. The non-smoker who adopted smoking just for mimicking the celebrity unknowingly becomes a smoker because of the addiction tobacco can contribute to the smokers. â€Å"Smoking in movies is often associated with the characteristics that adolescents find appealing, such as toughness, sexiness and rebelliousness† (Hood Center, 2006) â€Å"There is mounting evidence suggesting that adolescents whose favorite actors or actresses smoke on screen are more inclined to take up smoking themselves† (Anti-smoking ads at the cinema only work for young non-smokers, 2007) â€Å"This 1987 marketing document from the Philip Morris collection reveals an ad agency testing various themes about secondhand smoke on behalf of the Philip Morris Tobacco Company (PM). A major theme of the ads was that "the case isn't proved" that secondhand tobacco smoke harms nonsmokers, ironically the same theme that the tobacco industry used for years to reassure smokers about primary smoking and keep them smoking†.

Capstone Project Essay Example for Free

Capstone Project Essay Apple has been known to be an inherently personal computer company. However, it is also well known that there is no better example of innovative strategic thinking and execution. Apple’s strategy has remained to creating and sustaining value for customers across the world. Jobs returned to Apple in 1997 and the company never looked back since. However, it is also said that Apple lost the pc business because of ignoring the trends in pc industry. Apple’s business strategy is primarily based on innovation for creating differentiated products. It has built products that are cool to use as well as simple and intuitive. Its products are best known for the amazing experience they provide. However, Apple kept taking calculated risks and entered new markets boldly. It was visible in the release of innovative products like iPod, iPhone etc. Inherently it is a pc company and uses its competencies in developing hardware and software for developing effective, efficient and innovative products. In fact, its iPad, iPod, iPhone and Mac are all computers. (Harris, 2010) Apple’s success is mainly the result of innovative technology and design innovation. In this way we can see that Apple has enjoyed continued success in the market through innovation and matchless design. Apple’s vision is also based on continuous innovation which is visible in the products it makes. Its mission is also to be the leader in the digital revolution by making revolutionary products. We know that Apple is the market leader in terms of most innovative electronic products and the customers’ choice also. The business environment for Apple Company is highly competitive both domestically and globally. (Harris, 2010) However, its products qualify as global products and are preferred by customers all around the globe. In fact it is through innovation that the company has remained a global leader in terms of technology. Its iPhone took  the world by storm in 2007. Apple has strong capabilities in product design and engineering as well. In fact the smart phone boom was sparked by Apple through its release of iPhone in 2007. Initially, the market was shaped by the customers in US and other developed markets. However, the growth for smart phone market is now coming from the Asian and developing countries mainly. However, if anyone is challenging its position then it is Samsung which has emerged as a competitor for Apple. Till a few years ago, Samsung was just trying to catch up in the smart-phone market. Now, apart from being the world’s largest technology company by revenue, Samsung has set Apple on its back foot. It is now trying to overtake Apple. Samsung’s galaxy series became the customer’s preference soon after entering the market. In fact Samsung is considered to be the best when it comes to learning from its competitors. But they also remain customer centered at the same time. In fact Samsung keenly observes what its competitors are bringing to the market. It keeps a watch over the recent trends and does not take much time to release its own version of the innovation. (Nisen, 2013) Apple also has a huge cash pile, but when it comes to taking risks and putting the money behind it, Samsung appears to be far ahead of Apple. Apart from that Samsung also spends a larg er part of its revenue on research as compared to Apple. It spends 5.7% of its revenue on research as compared to Apple’s 2.4. Actually, Samsung is a diverse business that is made of chips, displays and a variety of other technology. Its main benefit to Samsung comes in the form of the ability to compete on price and offering features which others cannot. However, it is important to note that Samsung is more than just a smart-phone maker. It is a conglomerate, a manufacture as well as the world’s largest chip maker. These factors play in Samsung’s favor. Many of the components of the smart phones are made by Samsung itself which gives it a cost advantage. (Nisen, 2013) When we compare Samsung with Apple we can see that Apple relies on external partners, which sometimes also leads to difficulties and delays. Though Apple has a well-managed and futuristic supply chain, yet it does not have the cost advantage like Samsung. One important factor regarding Samsung is that it has provided many lower end options for the developing world. In case Samsung continues to bring game changing products to the market like its Galaxy series, it can move from a close second to being the market leader. Samsung’s advertising expenditure  is also quite high which has really paid it as well. Samsung has been successful domestically as well as globally. Its most products especially the galaxy series has taken the markets in the developing world by storm. (Nisen, 2013) Apple is considered to be the market leader in the computer software and hardware industry. The main reason behind its growth and success over years are the innovative products it has brought to the market. One of the most important strengths of Apple is its incredible brand loyalty. It has a very high number of brand loyal customers. These customers will even line up before Apple stores at night in freezing cold to be the first to lay their hands on a new released iPhone, iPad or Mac. Strong financial strength is also a major strength off Apple. Apart from these things Apple is also known for its strong brand reputation and strong advertising and marketing teams and its retail stores. We already know of Apple as the leading innovator in the mobile device technology. However, apart from the above mentioned strengths there are some weaknesses also. As analysts have mentioned without Steve Jobs in leadership, the pace of innovation at Apple has slowed down a bit. Recently it also faced problems from its main supplier and producer Foxconn which led to unwanted difficulties and delays. So, its reliance on external suppliers gets to be one of its primary weaknesses. Apart from that Apple operates in a highly competitive industry and the competition sometimes affects its margins also. Its profits are also affected due to similar but low priced offerings from its competitors. Another important weakness which generally goes in the favor of its competitors is that its products are generally high priced. This all has also led to a decline in the market share of the company. However, despite all the above mentioned weaknesses it can certainly not be denied that Apple is a customer focused, futuristic and innovative company and it is certainly due to its focus on design and innovation that the company has a vast array of opportunities ope n before it. Its main opportunity lies in the growth of smart-phone and tablet market. Increased demand for iPhones and iPad also brought new opportunities for Apple. With iPad mini the company has also set its foot in the small tablet market. Despite the innovations it has brought till now to the market, the company has still significant room left to innovate further. In fact its opportunities lie in continuous innovation. Release of the TV is also being  seen as a great opportunity for Apple to amaze its customers which it does like no one else. However, it is not easy to be and remain the market leader and it holds true regarding Apple also. Apart from that its reliance on external suppliers has also proved a threat for it. Competitors like Samsung have the cost advantage since they produce their parts themselves. This is a major threat for Apple which it cannot afford to neglect. The company is increasingly threatened by the price pressure from Samsung over key components. Samsung’s main strength lies in its diversified product portfolio. In fact the company has a really large product portfolio which includes mobile phones, tablets, TV, camera, pc, printers and many more items. In most of these product categories Samsung itself holds a significant market share. It is today the number two in terms of market share in the cell phone industry. Not just this Samsung was able to catch Nokia’s market share by superior innovation in smart phones. Apart from that Samsung has also remained ahead consistently in terms of design and innovation. A very important strength of Samsung is that it has been able to take advantage of the markets of growing economies. In fact it has been able to obtain a large market share in the growing economies because of its low end products. Another key strength of Samsung is that most of its products can easily be integrated with various software’s. It is not so with Apple and its devices are generally not compat ible with different operating systems. Apart from being known for its innovation and design, Samsung is well known for its relatively cheap products. Added to all this is Samsung’s global brand recognition. But apart from its strengths Samsung has some weaknesses also. Firstly, it is not as ahead in terms of software and hardware as Apple. It does not have either its specific operating system or software. It is a very important advantage for Apple and to become the number one in the industry Samsung would need to beat Apple. Apart from it, Samsung is focused on making too many products and its profit margins are also very low. Its competitors like Apple are the largest buyers for its electronic equipment’s also. Still there is a large pool of opportunities lying open before Samsung which is mainly due to increased demand for smart phones in the developing economies. Its galaxy series has been a great hit globally. Apart from that demand for quality products from Samsung has also risen greatly. The expansion of tablet market has also brought new  opportunities for Samsung and the company has also obtained large benefits from it. The main threat before Samsung is the fall in the prices of smart phones. Samsung faces increased threats from Apple because of its innovative technology and design also. Apple’s release of ITV is also being seen as a threat for Samsung. Technological change is happening rapidly and Samsung will also need to innovate consistently to remain at the position it is. Price wars as well as decreased margins also bring additional threats for Samsung. Generally companies have to adapt their business strategies and products to different cultures when they are trying to sell to various countries with different cultures. This is referred to as globalization. However, this thing does not become very important for companies like Apple which sell nothing but innovation. English is a global language and Apple’s designs are generally simple and easy to use. As such Apple does not face great difficulties trying to adapt to various cultures and its strategy roughly remains the same across cultures. As we can see that cultural differences do matter in business. Yet, Apple sells the same iPad in Tokyo as it does in Toronto. (Jacobs, 2010) Instead of competing on localization, Apples competes on the pace of innovation across cultures and countries. It is due to its pace of innovation that today it is a global brand. However, the case is different for Samsung, which is said to design globally but adapt locally for success. Every day it ships millions of products to customers around the world. Samsung believes that it is important t to understand the local culture to meet the local needs. It is necessary to understand the local culture to understand the customers’ preferences. One important example of its globalization strategy is its establishing of Lifestyle research labs in various countries including UK and India as well as Singapore and China. (Samsung, 2013) Apple has some distinct organizational competencies which differentiate it from others. Its competencies include its business model, corporate culture; focus on customer as well as control of the entire ecosystem. Why Apple is generally able to generate lots of buzz is because of its fastidious attention to design like its founder Steve Jobs. Most importantly it is the ability and practice of putting user experience first that keeps Apple ahead of others. Apple is known for being customer focused and it reflects in the success of its pr oducts. Apple is known for its design and ease of use. Its iPhone is  in fact a great example of the same. Apart from innovation and technology there is one other core competency that is the key driver behind Samsung’s success. Samsung believes in building an organizational culture of learning and development. Samsung has also established a work culture that promotes learning and development for its employees. The company has also established a Creative Development Research Institute System to provide its employees with the opportunity to pursue creative ideas. This initiative is aimed at encouraging the employees to develop creative ideas and be more entrepreneurial. Samsung has a highly diversified product portfolio and it is also in more places than Apple. But it sometimes also results in diverted focus. If possible Samsung should try to limit it so that it can focus on specifically important products. Apart from that Samsung would need to invest much more in innovation and desig n to pull customers off iPhones. It will also need to go beyond marketing and just bigger screens. Samsung has been concentrating on offering cheap products for the markets in developing countries. Yet it remains to do more on innovation as the technological market keeps changing rapidly. Samsung will need to specifically concentrate on design and better technological innovation. Apple has been winning due to its focus on innovation and design. However, it is not having a very significant advantage which is of producing the components for its iPhones. It is also relying on external suppliers and it leads to difficulties and delays. Apple should especially concentrate on its suppliers. In this backward integration can be highly helpful for Apple. In this way it will be able to have better control over its suppliers which will minimize delays and other difficulties. Apart from that it will also provide Apple with significant cost advantage. Apple has in fact used forward vertical integration to reach closer to its customers. It has opened Apple stores in multiple countries around the world. Apple is thinking of opening newer Apples stores in the markets it has tapped newly. In fact it does not just bring Apple closer to its customers but is also an example of effective corporate level strategy. The popularity and demand of Apple’s products is high. As a result Apple is trying to reach a larger number of customers through its own stores, since scalpers jack up the prices. However, the strategy that worked in the favor of Apple was that of diversification. Apple diversified itself from computers to consumer digital lifestyle and  entered the mobile phone market also. Since then it also brought a vast range of game changing products to the market which became highly successful. In case of Samsung the backward vertical integration strategy has worked. Many of the components that go into the smart-phones are made by Samsung itself and the company also gains significant cost advantage due to it. Apart from that this strategy also benefits it by allowing it higher flexibility in terms of what and when it produces. In fact Samsung’s business model is based to a great extent on this competency. The corporate governance structure of Apple is designed keeping in mind effective decision making as well as appropriate monitoring of compliance and performance. The board of directors at Apple oversees the CEO and the senior management. This monitoring is done in order to ensure ethical and operation of Apple Inc. In fact it is an efficient method to monitor that the top management is working ethically and properly. Apart from that this method also ensures that there are no frauds or manipulations as well as prevents any problem at the corporate level. Apart from that the board also conducts a self-evaluation to find if the board and its committees are working properly. The compensation committee does an annual review of the executive performance including the CEO. This review is also evaluated by the board to ensure the CEO is providing effective leadership to the company. The board of directors at Samsung is composed of seven members of which four are external directors. This ensures the independence and transparency of the board’s decisions. The board of directors also meets regularly to discuss management issues and other important things. The directors are not allowed to engage in business activities in the same industry without approval from the board. It has been done especially to minimize any risk of conflict of interest or unethical behavior. Samsung is a company considered to be over hierarchical and also to be dominated by its founding family. There has been significant criticism of its governance structure. Firstly, the company should stop its owner centered managing system since due to it the company cannot remain independent of its chairman. The rights of minority shareholders as well as economic justice get eroded in this system. Samsung will need to change this structure. (Kim, 2012) The company should follow a structure where th ere is more transparency related to ownership. Apart from that to improve its profitability and sustain its position, Samsung will need to invest more and  move further in terms of innovation. It will also need to move its focus from products to customers. In case of Apple, it will need to adopt its business strategy to obtain cost advantage like Samsung. One major drawback of Apple is that its products are very costly generally. In this regard Apple should go for backward integration to obtain significant cost advantage. Apart from that the company should continue to focus on innovation and design to remain competitive. Apple has been using forward vertical integration successfully but it also needs to use backward integration for further success and managing costs. Pressure from competitors like Samsung is rising and company will need to be focused on managing the price issue to beat the competition. The smart phone market is currently driven by two factors. These include large screens as well as cheap products. However, Apple currently provides none of these. Despite not being the most attractive segment cheap devices still drive the sales volume. A number of second tier Asian brands have also started eating into Apple’s market share. The fight between Apple and Samsung is going to be really hard. Apart from it both companies will also have to fight hard for their respective positions in the market against the emerging challengers. Apple’s target continues to remain the high end market. It has still held itself from releasing a low cost product since it may eat into its profitability. Currently, Apple and Samsung are the only vendors who have their market shares in double digits. Yet, their combined market share fell in 2013 which denotes that the road ahead is going to be tough. Still, the two are the most dominant players in the global smart phone market. In fact the decline was largely due to inability of Apple to grow according to the broader smart phone market. However, it is still the market leader. (Osawa Grundberg, 2014) But on the other side it cannot be denied that Samsung has been inching closer through its strategy of innovation and price competition. In fact if Samsung is able to manage its winning spree as it did in case of Galaxy smart phones, it will grow at faster pace than Apple. Apple would have to pay attention to certain other things also apart from differentiation through design and innovation to retain its leadership position. Still, taken together these companies seem to be dominating the smart phone market and will continue to for the coming years. References: Nisen, M. (2013). Samsung Has A Totally Different Strategy From Apple, And Its Working Great. In Business Insider. Retrieved September 6, 2014, from http://www.businessinsider.in/Samsung-Has-A-Totally-Different-Strategy-From-Apple And-Its-Working-Great/articleshow/21250813.cms Jacobs, E. (2010). Navigating cultural differences. In Financial Times. Retrieved September 6, 2014, from http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/f3e2f464-937e-11df-bb9a 00144feab49a.html#axzz2w9RbDZqJ Samsung Designs Globally and Adapts Locally for Worldwide Success (2013). In Samsung. Retrieved September 6, 2014, from http://global.samsungtomorrow.com/?p=28148 Osawa, J., Grundberg, S. (2014). Apple’s Smartphone Market Share Drops as Samsung’s Edges Up. In Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 16, 2014, from http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/01/28/apples-smartphone-market-share-drops-as-samsungs-edges-up/ Harris, M. (2010). New Product Markets†¦create and dominate them Apple style! In Harconllc. Retrieved September 6, 2014, from http://harconllc.com/wordpress/wp- content/uploads/2013/04/DominateMarketsAppleStyle.pdf Kim, L. (2012). Samsung’s family battles over corporate governance, will it be a risk? In Quamnet. Retrieved September 6, 2014, from http://www.quamnet.com/newscolumnistcontent.action?articleId=2323716request_loc le=EN_US

Movement, Environment and Community Memory Reflection

Movement, Environment and Community Memory Reflection In this paper, I will be sharing two different memories which are significant to me where I remembered learning about movement, environment and community in an integrated way. Then, I will be analysing these two memories which stimulate and making connections in the areas of movement environment and community. The two memories which are significant to me where I remembered learning about movement, environment and communicate has to travel back when I was about six years old and when I was twenty two years old. Both experiences occurred outside of school. The first experience took place at the playground, which is located on the ground floor of my block. My siblings, my brother and my sister and our childhood neighbour will always get together on weekdays for playtime after school. Our most favourite game of all time will be playing hid and seek followed by catch. We were always on the move, running to hide at the places which we shall not be seen. Speed was really crucial for us as we would run away from the catcher and at the same time we had bend our body low so that the catcher will not see us. Sometimes, we had to run very quietly to make sure that no one would spot us. Once we found a safe place, usually we would be hiding behind bushes, we would stay still until the catcher came nearer, we would begin running until we were ‘caught’. The environment was part of the experience as it provided the space for us to move about and hide. As we ran across rows of shops along the corridor, the community forms part of the experience in the game of hide and seek and catch. The neighbours were friendly and accommodating to let us play and running along the corridor and playground. This forms the big issue every time we wanted to play hide and seek as we were concerned how we shall not disturb our neighbours and shops while we enjoyed our game. The second experience which was significant to me happened when I was in sun moon lake, Taiwan. My friend and I took decided to rent scooter to ride around sun moon lake. The movement we had in this experience was the going on a scooter ride. It was specially challenging for us as it was my very first time riding on a scooter. While practising riding on the scooter, I had difficulty balancing the vehicle. Moreover, the direction was different from Singapore thus it took us quite some time to familiarise with the direction. When we were more familiar with the scooter, we began our adventure. At the beginning, we rode extremely slowly as the direction of the road is different in Singapore, and gradually picked up the speed along the journey. The ride added to its difficulty level when it only allows a single lane on each road direction and there were frequent tourists buses and cars on the opposite direction. During the journey, we stopped by at each attraction, which forms part of the environment. The lake was breath taking and it was the reason why we wanted to ride around the lake. We spent some time with the lake and its scenery. On our way back to the rental shop, we had to recharge our scooter. The people, which were part of the community, were helpful in replacing a scooter for us. They also provided the directions when we were not sure about the way to return to the shop. The big issue in this experience was to be able to ride on a scooter so that we were able to visit the lake. Without the help of the residents staying at sun moon lake, we would not be able to appreciate the beauty of the nature. In my first memory, I feel that my family have influenced me greatly. We spent most of the time together, thus we would play together. The community also influenced me and it provided us the space for our activity. In Singapore, due to the safety, some parents may not allow their children to play out of their sight. Families have expressed concern of safety even though they have preferred these places for play (Derr Lance, 2012). However, I am grateful that my parents allowed us to play at the playground with my siblings and neighbours while they are in the house. As we build on relationship with the neighbours in our neighbourhood, we looked out for each other and we get to enjoy this experience. My peers had encouraged and influenced me in my second memory. They had given me the moral support that I need and I picked up my courage to ride on the scooter. The people were also very friendly and patient to give me the time to practice on the scooter. Even though I had encouragement and support from my peers, I would not have accomplished if I were given the knowledge on how the scooter functioned. As an educator, we should focus more on the knowledge rich experiences so that environmental education can be translated into meaningful learning experiences than relying on the concept of teaching which relies on nurturance and empathy with young children (Fleer, 2007). The two chosen memories were both experiential and placed-based learning. The first memory would contain more of experiential learning as we are constantly looking for a new location every time we hide and we learn a new hiding place by doing it. We would often hide behind the bushes and pretended that the bushes are the wall that nobody would see us. Children use these places as â€Å"remarkably responsive with a fantastical mixing of the material and the imaginary† (Derr Lance, 2012, p. 118). On the other memory, sun moon lake is a place-based learning environment as my peers and I explored the place together through moving around the lake on a scooter together with the help of the people at sun moon lake. The nature was there for us as we appreciate it. This made me reflect on how I can understand better how children perceived between nature and environment. Further research on how notions of nature and environment are socially constructed would define the home context with the available resources including play sites and family involvement such as gardening or visits to the gardens (Payne, 1998). The growth of an individual profile will encompass significant life experiences and this would be an important contribution into the research issues of how time and place impact the conceptions and values of nature (Payne, 1998). Relating it back to my experience at the sun moon lake, it did influence me on how I perceive nature and it develops me as a person. In my first memory, the gross motor skill was featured. It was prominent that as we have to run, and hide against the time was we did not want to be ‘caught’ apart from that, we also did squatting and tip-toeing in our hide and seek activity. As for the second memory, my body and eye-hand coordination have to work concurrently as I rode on the scooter. Reflecting on my physical movement made me feel that I had the freedom to move around in the environment. As a teacher, I feel that I have to be conscious on how children have the ability to create space and social affordances. Initial findings suggest that all children have the ability of discovering affordances and forming their classroom environment (McLaren, Ruddick, Edwards, Zabjek, McKeever, 2012). When we are engaged in play, it improves motor and cognitive skill and as well as attention capacities (Derr Lance, 2012). Safety procedures were considered when I was engaged my scooter ride in at the sun moon lake. The rental shop owner briefed us through the safety precautions that we need to know in case of emergency. Helmet was provided during our ride so ensure our safety and we were given emergency contact numbers just in case our scooter broke down. As for my first memory, even though we had the freedom to run around the playground and along the shops, we were aware that we should not be tampering the environment and disturbing the people around us. We also had to be considerate not to run into shops to hide as that would disrupt their business. As I looked back on my past experiences, I see that movement, environment and community are closely inter-related to each other and how each area complement and influenced each other. I feel that there is a need to advocate parents and children to be engaged in movement, environment and community through spending quality time and interactions together. They could be spending time at the picnic, or taking a walk in the park. As an educator, we play a vital role as a facilitator and support when children are engaged in the processes of discovery and exploration (Young Elliot, 2010) and we have to act on it display positive attitudes and learning towards movement, environment and community. References Derr, V., Lance, K. (2012). Biophilic Boulder: Childrens Environments That Foster Connections to Nature. Children Youth and Environments, 22(2), 112-143. Fleer, M. (Ed.). (2007). Young children: Thinking about the scientific world. Watson: Early Childhood Australia. McLaren, C., Ruddick, S., Edwards, G., Zabjek, K., McKeever, P. (2012). Children’s Movement in an Integrated Kindergarten Classroom: Design, Methods and Preliminary Findings. Children, Youth and Environments, 22(1), 145-177. Payne, P. (1998). Childrens conceptions of nature. Australian Journal of Environmental Education, 14, 19-26. Young, S. Elliott, S. (2010). Just Discover! connecting young children with the natural world. Croydon, Victoria: Tertiary Press. Name: Loo Si Hui

FGF Signaling and Early Lung Development Essay -- Biology, Lung

Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions mediate organogenesis, which results from the activation of complex gene networks. Early respiratory development arises from the foregut endoderm and gives rise to tracheal and lung progenitor cells. Recent studies have linked fibroblast growth factor, Wnt, and other signaling pathways to the initial stages of lung development. Cells respond to signaling proteins mainly though transcription factors that ultimately determine cell fate and pattern formation. Gain and loss-of-function studies have facilitated the identification and functionality of molecular components as part of development. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling plays an important role in the regulatory network present in embryonic pulmonary development. FGF controls cell proliferation, differentiation and pattern formation; however, the interaction of FGF with other signaling pathways is still questioned by researchers. FGF-7 and FGF-10 are important for patterning and growth of the lung bud and are differentially regulated by FGF-1 and FGF-2. Research has shown FGF is an important factor in respiratory development as it regulates the expression of other signaling pathways. Said molecular events involving FGF signaling drive key phases of pulmonary development and thus the understanding of these key segmental mechanisms gives way to new knowledge of pathogenesis involving congenital anomalies, helping to develop innovative therapies to treat disease. Unless specifically mentioned, anything regarding expression patterns and developmental effects of morphogens, transcription and growth factors, or any other developmental factors effecting lung development are referenced from the murine lung. Accordingly, functional relevance... ...change, an extremely complicated process. The lung is an organ that contains a vast system of airways carefully constructed to achieve maximal surface area in a confined space. This helps to form an environment suitable for the bronchial and pulmonary vascular systems. These airways that grow out into the body, like a tree towards the sky, require careful guidance from many developmental factors such as transcriptional regulators, growth factors, morphogens and extra cellular matrix molecules. When mutations in the genes that control these factors occur, aberrations during lung development can arise and may lead to severe morbidity or mortality at birth due to respiratory failure. The FGF signaling pathway is one such signaling mechanism that is critical to proper lung formation, guiding branching morphogenesis and cellular proliferation of the developing lung.

earthquake Essays -- essays research papers

Earthquakes have plagued our lives for as long as people have inhabited the earth. These dangerous acts of the earth have been the cause of many deaths in the past century. So what can be done about these violent eruptions that take place nearly with out warning? Predicting an earthquake until now has almost been technologically impossible. With improvements in technology, lives have been saved and many more will. All that remains is to research what takes place before, during, and after an earthquake. This has been done for years to the point now that a successful earthquake prediction was made and was accurate. This paper will discuss a little about earthquakes in general and then about how predictions are made. Earthquake, â€Å"vibrations produced in the earth's crust when rocks in which elastic strain has been building up suddenly rupture, and then rebound.†(Associated Press 1993) The vibrations can range from barely noticeable to catastrophically destructive. Six kinds of shock waves are generated in the process. Two are classified as body waves-that is, they travel through the earth's interior-and the other four are surface waves. The waves are further differentiated by the kinds of motions they impart to rock particles. Primary or compressional waves (P waves) send particles oscillating back and forth in the same direction as the waves are traveling, whereas secondary or transverse shear waves (S waves) impart vibrations perpendicular to their direction of travel. P waves always travel at higher velocities than S waves, so whenever an earthquake occurs, P waves are the first to arrive and to be recorded at geophysical research stations worldwide.(Associated Press 1993) Earthquake waves were observed in this and other ways for centuries, but more scientific theories as to the causes of quakes were not proposed until modern times. One such concept was advanced in 1859 by the Irish engineer Robert Mallet. Perhaps drawing on his knowledge of the str ength and behavior of construction materials subjected to strain, Mallet proposed that earthquakes occurred â€Å"either by sudden flexure and constraint of the elastic materials forming a portion of the earth's crust or by their giving way and becoming fractured.†(Butler 1995) Later, in the 1870s, the English geologist John Milne devised a forerunner of today's earthquake-recording device, or seismograph. A simple pen... ... warned that a major quake would occur along the New Madrid fault before the end of the year. Like most predictions of this type, it proved to be wrong. â€Å"Groundwater has also played an important part in earthquake predictions. A peak in radon in the groundwater at Kobe, Japan 9 days before the 7.2 earthquake cause quite a stir. Radon levels peaked 9 days before the quake, then fell below the normal levels 5 days before it hit.†(Monastersky July, 95) In North America, the series of earthquakes that struck southeastern Missouri in 1811-12 were probably the most powerful experienced in the United States in historical time. The most famous U.S. earthquake, however, was the one that shook the San Francisco area in 1906, causing extensive damage and taking about 700 lives.(Nagorka 1989) The whole idea behind earthquake predicting is to save lives. With the improvement in technology, lives have been saved. New ideas and equipment is starting to prove to be very helpful in pr edicting were and when an earthquake will strike. The time and research put into earthquake predicting has already started to pay off. It is only a matter of time before earthquakes will no longer be a threat to us.

Assignment Product Life Cycle Essay

Each product will have a life cycle. Using examples, illustrate each stage in the Product Life Cycle outlining the possible challenges and strategies which may be employed to sustain the sales and profitability of the product. What is a Product? A product is anything that can be offered to a market for attention, acquisition, use, or consumption and that might satisfy the customer wants or needs. A product is more than just a tangible goods, it is a service (haircuts, home repairs etc) or idea. However, in marketing product is not just looked at as something that is tangible, but it allow for communicating with the targeted audience on matters such as packaging, branding, highlighting the product tangible benefits, the massaging of the customer’s ego as to why they should have a particular product. Product can be viewed at three levels, such as Core Product – it addresses what the buyer is really buying, the Actual Product – which features characteristic such as quality, brand, design etc., and the Augmented Product – it is the additional consumer services and benefits that are built around the core and actual product, which includes things as the after sale service, installation, warranty etc. A Product can also be divided in two main classification based on the types of consumer that used them. These classifications are Consumer Products – which are bought by final consumers for personal, and Industrial products – which are those purchased for further processing or for use in the production of other goods and services. For example, flour that is used as an ingredient in the making of pastry like bun, bread etc. The Product Life Cycle The Product Life Cycle (PLC) is a useful tool employed by marketers to know and determining at what stage a product is in its life. Most Product Life-Cycle curves are portrayed as bell-shaped (See figure below). The product life cycle has four (4) very clearly defined stages, each with its own characteristics that mean different things for business that are trying to manage the life cycle of their particular products. 1.  Introduction Stage – This stage of the cycle could be the most expensive for a company launching a new product. It is a period of slow sales growth as the product is introduced in the market. Profits are non-existent because of the heavy expenses of product introduction, although it will be increasing as the product moves on to the growth stage. 2. Growth Stage – The growth stage is typically characterized by a period of rapid market acceptance and substantial profit improvement. strong growth in sales and profits, and because the company can start to benefit from economies of scale in production, the profit margins, as well as the overall amount of profit, will increase. This makes it possible for the company to invest more money in the promotional activity to maximize the potential of this growth stage. 3. Maturity Stage – A slowdown in sales growth because the product has achieved acceptance by most potential buyers. Profits stabilize or decline because of increased competition. During this stage the aim of the manufacturer is now to maintain the market share they have built up; by consider any product modifications or improvements to the production process which might give them a competitive advantage. During the maturity stage, the product is established and the aim for the manufacturer is now to maintain the market share they have built up. This is probably the most competitive time for most products and businesses need to invest wisely in any marketing they undertake. They also need to consider any product modifications or improvements to the production process which might give them a competitive advantage. 4. Decline Stage – Sales show a downward drift and profits erode. While this decline may be inevitable, the downward drift and profit erosion maybe due to the market becoming saturated (i.e. all the customers who will buy the product have already purchased it) or because the consumers are switching to a different type of product. The idea of the product life cycle has been around for some time, and it is an important principle manufacturers need to understand in order to make a  profit and stay in business. However, the key to successful manufacturing is not just to understand the product life cycle, but to proactively managing products throughout their lifetime, applying the appropriate resources and sales and marketing strategies, depending on what stage products are at in the cycle. Let us now look at the possible challenges and strategies for each stages of the product life-cycle. Marketing Strategies: Introduction Stage The first of the four product life cycle stages is the Introduction Stage, which a new product is first distributed and made available for purchase. Any business that is launching a new product must decide when to enter the market and needs to appreciate that this initial stage could require significant investment, increasing awareness of the product through effective marketing and promoting, and also low pricing strategies maybe employed to attract customers and give the new product the best chance of achieving product’s success. For example, a cell phone manufacturer with new technology may introduce a cell phone with basic features at reduced prices in hopes of gaining lots of new customers. Challenges of the Introduction Stage Small or no market: When a new product is launched, there is typically no market for it, or if a market does exist it is likely to be very small. Naturally this means that sales are going to be low to start off with. There will be occasions where a great new product or fantastic marketing campaign will create such a buzz that sales take off straight away, but these are generally special cases, and it often takes time and effort before most products achieve this kind of momentum. High costs: Very few products are created without some research and development, and once they are created, many manufacturers will need to invest in marketing and promotion in order to achieve the kind of demand that will make their new product a success. Both of these can cost a lot of money, and in the case of some markets these costs could run into many millions of dollars. Losses, Not Profits: With all the costs of getting a new product to market, most companies will see negative profits for part of the Initial Stage of the product life cycle, although the amount and duration of these negative profits does differ from  one market to another. Some manufacturers could start showing a profit quite quickly, while for companies in other sectors it could take years.

Measurement Techniques In Dentistry Health And Social Care Essay

The survey of Medicine and dental medicine has expanded greatly over the last 150 old ages with the development of many new look intoing techniques. A broad scope of direct and indirect measuring techniques have been used to obtain informations on the morphology of the teething. In the yesteryear, research workers used the contact method of tooth measuring utilizing simple tools such as a Millimeter flexible swayer or a slide calibrated Caliper for dental dramatis personae measurings. With the promotions in image processing and picture taking, planar ( 2D ) and 3-dimensional ( 3D ) techniques began to be used in tooth measurings. The integrating of computing machine based image analysis in 2D and 3D measuring has farther enhanced research. Early alternate attacks included measurings from photographic images and optical maser sophisticated occlusograms every bit good as Holograms for the occlusal facets of dental medicine. High quality images used for the intent of clinical and resear ch surveies require the usage of advanced and sophisticated equipments. Previous twin surveies including dental morphology have confirmed a strong familial part to the ascertained fluctuation, so comparings between monozygotic ( MZ ) co-twins who portion the same cistrons have tended to concentrate on similarities between their teethings instead than differences. While measurings performed straight on dentitions proved to be hard in footings of dependability, measurings of dental dramatis personaes either manually or through the usage of assorted equipments and computing machine plans produced the most accurate and dependable consequences. Surveies have achieved accurate measuring of dentitions demoing the fluctuation in tooth morphology. Different devices have been used for this intent ; each will be illustrated as follows:1.2 Two Dimensional Methods in tooth measuringMechanical methods are still the easy and functional recording technique for the measuring of tooth size by most research workers. Ballard ( 1944 ) , Nance ( 1947 ) , Hixon and Oldfaher ( 1958 ) , Barrett et Al. ( 1963 ) , and Moorrees et Al. ( 1957 ) all suggested the same basic rules for entering dimensions of dental dramatis personae. The bulk used dramatis personaes theoretical accounts of plaster of Paris poured from alginate feelings. Barrett et Al. ( 1963 ) used dramatis personaes made of dental rock and reported that intra-oral measurings taken straight in oral cavity are less accurate than those taken from dental dramatis personaes. Peck and Peck ( 1972a ) measured the mesio-distal and facio-lingual dimensions of dentitions straight intra-orally.1.2.1 Millimeter flexible swayer:During the earlier yearss, simple instruments such as a brace of splitters with a millimetre swayer were used as a contact method for tooth measurings. ( Black CV, 1902, Ballard ML, 1944 and Bolton WA 1958 ) . Despite being the footing for tooth measurings but it had some familial restrictions as to the trouble in straight mensurating teeth dimensions. Besides, statistical analysis, at that clip, was non every bit developed as presents.1.2.2 Calipers and splitters:Calipers are used to mensurate the distance between two symmetrically opposing sides. Using a brace of callipers is still a common method to execute measurings on dental plaster dramatis personaes. Typically, mea surings on a dental dramatis personae are performed utilizing Vernier Calipers or splitters ( A Vernier graduated table is an extra graduated table which allows a distance or angle measuring to be read more exactly than straight reading a uniformly-divided heterosexual or round measuring graduated table. It is a skiding secondary graduated table that is used to bespeak where the measuring lies when it is in between two of the Markss on the chief graduated table ) which are preciseness instruments that can be used to mensurate internal and external distances highly accurately. ( Fig.1 ) Selmer-Olsen R, ( 1954 ) and Hunter WS, Priest WR ( 1960 ) did dental dramatis personae measurings by skiding graduated calipers along and across the dentition. The technique was found to be dependable. Moorrees et al,1957 obtained the mesiodistal crown diameter of a tooth by mensurating the greatest distance between the contact points on its approximal surfaces, utilizing a skiding calliper held parallel both to the occlusal and vestibular surfaces. Many techniques and methods were described to mensurate tooth diameters, and many surveies used different methods to obtain their consequences, some of which are listed below. Jensen E ( 1957 ) obtained the mesiodistal crown diameter of a tooth by mensurating the greatest distance between the contact points on its approximal surfaces utilizing a skiding calliper held parallel both to the occlusal and vestibular surfaces. He compared the average mesiodistal Crown diameters for the two different samples of Swedish kids and found statistically important differences for the lasting upper jaw and inframaxillary incisors and eyetooths of the male childs and of the misss. Hunter and Priest ( 1960 ) revealed that mensurating teeth size on plaster dramatis personaes is easier than in the oral cavity. In instance of the 2nd bicuspid and molars the dramatis personae measurings were consistently 0.1mm greater than measurings obtained in oral cavity. However, for the measurings of anterior dentitions, no important differences were found. Furthermore, they measured and compared soaped versus non-soaped theoretical accounts and revealed that the soaped theoretical accounts measured lightly greater in overall dimensions. However, this addition was non important every bit far as single dentitions were concerned.In general ; measurings obtained from dental dramatis personaes are more consistent and more accurate than direct measuring obtained in the oral cavity, particularly of the posterior dentition ( Doris et al. 1981 ) . Two chief instruments have been used for mensurating tooth dimensions: 1. Skiding calipers with a vernier graduated table, and 2. Engineering splitters used in concurrence with a millimeter regulation. Ghose et, al ( 1979 ) used skiding callipers with a vernier graduated table to do measurings with an truth of & A ; Acirc ;  ±O.1mm. The mensurating tips of the callipers were specially pointed to transport out accurate measurings. The skiding callipers were held parallel to the occlusal and vestibular surfaces of the Crown to mensurate the mesiodistal crown diameter of a tooth. This was achieved by mensurating the greatest distance between the approximative surfaces of the Crown. In the instance of rotated or malposed tooth, in relation to the dental arch, the measuring was taken between the points on the approximative surface of the Crown, where it was judged that normal contact should hold occurred with the adjacent dentition. They besides found that the mesiodistal measurings for the Iraqi males were larger than that for the females, but besides noticed that the difference merely reached the degree of significance in the eyetooths and the lower left first grinder. Olayinka et Al ( 1996 ) used electronic digital calliper ( Mitutoyo, Japan ) and compared the mesiodistal and buccolingual crown dimensions of the lasting dentition in Nigerian and British populations. Kieser 1990 stated that tooth length and width represent the most widely recognized of human characteristics. These measurings provide of import information on such jobs as human biological familial relationships between human population and environmental version. Modern digital callipers are available for automatically entering the distance measured, but the truth and preciseness depends on method standardization. Bell and A. F. Ayoub ( 2003 ) measured the tooth dimensions utilizing mensurating callipers, similar to the Vernier callipers ( Fig. 1 ) . The tips of the calliper were placed on a specific landmark and the measurings were taken by reading the distance from the swayer on the calliper. Zilberman et Al, ( 2003 ) compared the truths of mensurating dramatis personaes with electronic callipers and OrthoCAD techniques. They created 20 typodont apparatuss with unreal dentitions holding assorted malocclusions and took feelings of them. Both plaster and digital theoretical accounts were made, and tooth size, intercanine breadth, and intermolar breadth measurings were taken from the typodonts. Consequences showed that all methods of measurings were extremely valid and consistent for tooth size, intercanine breadth, and intermolar breadth. But comparing of the electronic callipers and digital measurings revealed that the measurings on the plaster theoretical accounts made with electronic callipers had greater truth and duplicability than the OrthoCAD attack. Susan N. et, Al ( 2005 ) used orthodontic theoretical accounts to re-structure the mesiodistal tooth breadth from first grinder to first grinder. The readings were obtained by mensurating the greatest distance between the contact points on proximal surfaces utilizing a Munchner ( Munich, Germany ) vernier gauge calliper. They besides measured the arch length and arch breadth between eyetooths, bicuspids, and first grinders. Three points were selected to mensurate the arch breadth between each tooth and its parallel on the contralateral viz. : the distance between the buccal cusp on the right side to the buccal cusp on the left side, distance between the cardinal pit to cardinal pit, and the distance between the linguistic cusp to the linguistic cusp. In the instance of first grinders, the measurings were made from the mesiobuccal and mesiolingual cusps to the mesiobuccal and mesiolingual cusps of the contralateral grinder severally. Hunter and Priest ( 1960 ) performed two different ways of measurings ; on dramatis personaes and in the oral cavity with splitters and with skiding callipers. They found differences between two sets of repetition dramatis personaes, differences in mensurating both upper jaw to opposed mandible and left opposed to compensate, and differences between tooth types. Besides, they found that skiding callipers were accurate than splitters and that measurings were easier to be made on dramatis personae than in the oral cavity..1.2.3 Photography:Modern picture taking began in the 1820s with the first lasting exposure. Early cameras did non repair an image, but merely projected images from an gap in the wall of a darkened room onto a surface, turning the room into a big pinhole camera. While this early paradigm of today ‘s modern camera may hold had modest use in its clip, it was an of import measure in the development of the innovation. With the development of chemical picture taking, it became possible to bring forth fixed images on documents. The modern photographic procedure came approximately from a series of polishs and betterments in the first 20 old ages. In 1884 George Eastman, Rochester, New York, developed dry gel on a movie to replace the photographic home base so that a lensman no longer needed to transport boxes of home bases and toxic chemicals around. In 1888 Eastman ‘s Kodak camera came into the market. By this clip, anyone could take a exposure and go forth the complex parts of the procedure to others, and therefore picture taking became available for the mass-market in 1901 with the debut of the Kodak Brownie. In the 20th century picture taking developed quickly as a commercial service. The usage of modern photographic methods in dental research began in the 1940 & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s which opened new frontiers for dental research. Bjorn et Al ( 1953 ) introduced photographic methods to mensurate the volume of facial puffinesss. An feeling of the patient ‘s upper and lower dentition was taken in self-curing acrylic rosin on a U-shaped brass home base. The home base was left to indurate and was so attached to a base, which in its bend was fastened to a steady tabular array, which besides supported the stereo camera ( Fig.2 ) . During the exposure the home base could be fixed with high truth in the same place on the base and the patient had to seize with teeth into the feeling. The camera was placed on one of the two phonograph record at the terminals of the tabular array so constructed that the same place could be reproduced with hitgh truth. To back up the stereowork, three Markss were set up, one on the base oF the bite home base and two on a particular pillar fixed to the tabular array. These, points formed a trigon which, as seen from the camera approximately framed the portion of the patient & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s face which was to be examined. The standard divergence of a volume measuring was estimated to 1.7 three-dimensional centimetres. Marked duplicated dramatis personaes were photographed and the photographic negatives were digitised Biggerstaff ( 1969 ) . The Ten and Y parametric quantities were so converted by computing machine package into mensurable informations to enable finding the comparative plane surface countries of crown constituent and the entire comparative plane surface of the Crown. An mean fluctuation between two independent operators was found to be 0.083mm and within one operator to be less than 0.014mm overall. In malice of this manner was allowing merely to bring forth planar consequence, it was claimed to be acceptable method since it could supply a broad scope of surveies. Garner ( 1970 ) developed an cheap method of obtaining permanent records of unwritten and dental alterations ensuing from mechanotherapy, growing, or surgery, without the necessity of keeping extended files of cabinets of plaster dramatis personaes. He used a camera loaded and mounted on one terminal of a fixed tabular array to snap dental dramatis personaes on a platform at the other terminal of the same tabular array. The exposure were traced and analyzed for alterations in arch signifier and dimensions. A 4 by 5 box camera was mounted on a level tabletop at a fixed distance from a perpendicular platform ( Fig 3 ) . A survey dramatis personae which had been trimmed so its dorsum was parallel to the occlusal plane and grooved for orientation intents was placed on its platform. The dramatis personae was placed on the platform so the occlusal surfaces or ridges were at right angles to the camera lens for snaping. The camera-to-model distance is critical and must stay at a fixed distan ce to bring forth a 1:1 image. A 10 2nd exposure of Kodak Professional Fine Grain Positive Film was accomplished by concentrating two 75 Ws floodlight lamps on the theoretical accounts. The lamps were mounted at 450 to the camera lens. Their method of theoretical account analysis was found to be a dependable manner of finding minute alterations in form and signifier every bit good as of entering conditions before and after everyday orthodontic intervention. These occlusograms can be maintained indefinitely in the patient ‘s records and could be used for analysis at the operating tabular array or at a staff meeting. Robertson and Kennedey ( 1984 ) developed an accurate and comparatively simple method of photogrammetry suited for orthodontic application. They reviewed five systems of entering photographic informations viz. : Moire topography, stereophotogrammetry, morphoanalysis, physioprint and telecentric picture taking ( Robertson, 1976 ; Robertson and Volp, 1981 ) . They achieved a greater grade of preciseness through the usage of telecentric optics a technique by which an image magnification is made invariant to the place of the detector plane. . Telecentric optics This is achieved by puting a convex lens, of diameter greater than the size of the object to be photographed, in the optical way of the projectors and camera, with the projectors and camera at the chief focal point of these lenses. In such an optical agreement, the magnification at the movie plane is changeless, irrespective of the object ‘s place in the object infinite in forepart of the plano-convex lens. Merely parallel b eams of visible radiation from the object are recorded by the camera and divergency is eliminated. The highest degree of truth became more evident when abstracting metrical informations across the dental arch. More than unidimensional and became prone to error when survey theoretical accounts were displaced. This was due to the lessening in the truth of the conventional picture taking for a more while the dimensions for the telecentric method remained comparatively unchanged ( Fig 4 ) . They concluded that telecentric picture taking was found to be really dependable and accurate ( Leishman, 1977 ; Volp, 1979 ) .